Modeling the non-monetary societal burden of Tick-borne diseases for cattle: A case study of East Coast Fever in the traditional cattle-keeping households of Namwala District of Zambia
Keywords:
DALYs, PALYs, East Coast Fever, Societal Burden, Cattle, Zambia
Abstract
The study aimed to estimate the disease burden of East Coast fever (ECF) among rural cattle-keeping households of Namwala District of Zambia using Productivity Adjusted Life Years(PALYs). We modified Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) equations for humans to PALYs to estimate the societal burden of tick-borne animal diseases. We used a structured questionnaire to collect data on parameters that feed into PALY equations. We coded and entered data from questionnaires directly into Statistical Package of Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Version 20) and entered the estimated values of PALY parameters into Mathematical Calculus Software called integral calculator (https://www.integral-calculator.com/). We then used the integral calculator to calculate PALY equations, which we used to estimate the societal disease burden of ECF in cattle. PALYs calculations were done in three categories; PALYs without discounting and age weighting, PALYs with only discounting, and PALYs with discounting and age weighting. Results revealed that the years of productivity lost by a cow, bull, and ox that suffered from ECF were estimated at 15, 10, and 15 years, respectively. In the second category, the years of productivity lost by a cow, bull, and ox were seven, six, and seven years, respectively. In the final category, the years of productivity lost by a cow, bull, and ox were five years. ECF caused a total of 517,165 PALYs in Namwala District. The quality of life reduced in years due to disability (YLD) caused by ECF per cow, bull, and ox was 0.07, 0.07, and 0.02 percent of their life expectancy, respectively. The estimated values for the years of a lifetime lost due to mortality (YLL) caused by ECF were 35%, 49%, and 35% of the life expectancy per cow, bull, and ox. These results are essential for measuring outcomes of animal health problems in terms of PALYs. The findings are helpful in future projections for the future burden of any disease and can be used as a basis in policy-making and decision-making, particularly priorities in animal health research. We recommend that a classification of animal diseases of national economic importance should consider both the societal burden (non-monetary) and economic impact instead of the common practice of only considering the economic (monetary) impact.References
Arnesen, T., and Nord, E. (1999). The value of DALY life: problems with ethics and validity of disability-adjusted life years. BMJ 319, 1423–1425. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7222.1423.
Billiouw, M., Vercruysse, J., Marcotty, T., Speybroeck, N., Chaka, G., and Berkvens, D. (2002). Theileria Parva epidemics: a case study in eastern Zambia. Vet. Parasitol. 107, 51–63. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00089-4.
Central Statistical Office (2003). Zambia 2000 Census of Population and Housing: Summary Report.
DVS (2019). Department of Veterinary Services Report, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock.
FAO (2018). The monetary impact of zoonotic diseases on society Evidence from two zoonoses in Egypt. Cairo Available at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_daly/en/.
Lubungu, M., and Mofya, R. (2013). The Livestock Sector in Zambia: Production, Marketing and Constraints. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.23578.85440.
Lubungu, M., Sitko, N. J., and Hichaambwa, M. (2015). Analysis of Beef Value Chain in Zambia : Challenges and Opportunities of Linking Smallholders to Markets. Lusaka, Zambia Available at: http://fsg.afre.msu.edu/zambia/wp103.pdf.
Minjauw, B., Rushton, J., James, A. D., and Upton, M. (1999). Financial analysis of East Coast Fever control strategies in traditionally managed Sanga cattle in Central Province of Zambia. Prev. Vet. Med. 38, 35–45. Available at: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0167587798001287/1-s2.0-S0167587798001287-main.pdf?_tid=4e71c13c-1f85-11e7-a823-00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1492004486_5b67fad5afd8c3b03c3d8e5a1a292138 [Accessed April 12, 2017].
Mukhebi, A. W., Perry, B. D., and Kruska, R. (1992). Estimated economics of theileriosis control in Africa. Prev. Vet. Med. 12, 73–85. doi:10.1016/0167-5877(92)90070-V.
Mulumba, M., Speybroeck, N., Billiouw, M., Berkvens, D. L., Geysen, D. M., and Brandt, J. R. A. (2000). Transmission of Theileriosis in the Traditional Farming Sector in the Southern Province of Zambia during 1995-1996. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 32, 303–314. Available at: http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/466/art%253A10.1023%252FA%253A1005217123793.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1005217123793&token2=exp=1492005099~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F466%2Fart%25253A10.1023%25252FA%25253A1005 [Accessed April 12, 2017].
Muma, J. B., Munyeme, M., Samui, K. L., Siamudaala, V., Oloya, J., Mwacalimba, K., et al. (2009). Mortality and commercial off-take rates in adult traditional cattle of Zambia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 41, 783–789. doi:10.1007/s11250-008-9252-0.
Mumba, C., Häsler, B., Muma, J. B., Munyeme, M., Sitali, D. C., Skjerve, E., et al. (2018). Practices of traditional beef farmers in their production and marketing of cattle in Zambia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. doi:10.1007/s11250-017-1399-0.
Mumba, C., Skjerve, E., Rich, M., and Rich, K. M. (2017). Application of system dynamics and participatory spatial group model building in animal health: A case study of East Coast Fever interventions in Lundazi and Monze districts of Zambia. PLoS One 12, e0189878. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189878.
OLivares, J. C., and Wood, J. (2004). West Nile virus infection of horses. Vet. Res. 35, 467–483. doi:10.1051/vetres.
Otte, J., and Knips, V. (2005). Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative A Living from Livestock Research Report Livestock Development for Sub-Saharan Africa Why Focus Development Efforts on Sub-Saharan Africa ? Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/bp306e/bp306e.pdf [Accessed May 24, 2021].
Penne, K., D 'haese, L., and D 'haese, P. L. (1999). Theileriosis control modelling ( experiences from Southern Province, Zambia ). Trop. Med. Int. Heal. 4, 58–70. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00452.x.
Salih, O. A. M. (2015). Modeling the Burden of Disease for Cattle. Available at: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10413/12491/Salih_Omran_Ahmed_Mohamed_2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [Accessed May 14, 2018].
Shaw, A. P. M., Rushton, J., Roth, F., and Torgerson, P. R. (2017). DALYs, dollars and dogs: How best to analyze the economics of controlling zoonoses. OIE Rev. Sci. Tech. 36, 147–161. doi:10.20506/rst.36.1.2618.
Sitali, D. C., Mumba, C., Skjerve, E., Mweemba, O., Kabonesa, C., Mwinyi, M. O., et al. (2017). Awareness and attitudes towards anthrax and meat consumption practices among affected communities in Zambia: A mixed-methods approach. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11, e0005580. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005580.
Torgerson, P. R., Rüegg, S., Devleesschauwer, B., Abela-Ridder, B., Havelaar, A. H., Shaw, A. P. M., et al. (2018). zDALY: An adjusted indicator to estimate the burden of zoonotic diseases. One Heal. 5, 40–45. doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.11.003.
Billiouw, M., Vercruysse, J., Marcotty, T., Speybroeck, N., Chaka, G., and Berkvens, D. (2002). Theileria Parva epidemics: a case study in eastern Zambia. Vet. Parasitol. 107, 51–63. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00089-4.
Central Statistical Office (2003). Zambia 2000 Census of Population and Housing: Summary Report.
DVS (2019). Department of Veterinary Services Report, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock.
FAO (2018). The monetary impact of zoonotic diseases on society Evidence from two zoonoses in Egypt. Cairo Available at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_daly/en/.
Lubungu, M., and Mofya, R. (2013). The Livestock Sector in Zambia: Production, Marketing and Constraints. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.23578.85440.
Lubungu, M., Sitko, N. J., and Hichaambwa, M. (2015). Analysis of Beef Value Chain in Zambia : Challenges and Opportunities of Linking Smallholders to Markets. Lusaka, Zambia Available at: http://fsg.afre.msu.edu/zambia/wp103.pdf.
Minjauw, B., Rushton, J., James, A. D., and Upton, M. (1999). Financial analysis of East Coast Fever control strategies in traditionally managed Sanga cattle in Central Province of Zambia. Prev. Vet. Med. 38, 35–45. Available at: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0167587798001287/1-s2.0-S0167587798001287-main.pdf?_tid=4e71c13c-1f85-11e7-a823-00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1492004486_5b67fad5afd8c3b03c3d8e5a1a292138 [Accessed April 12, 2017].
Mukhebi, A. W., Perry, B. D., and Kruska, R. (1992). Estimated economics of theileriosis control in Africa. Prev. Vet. Med. 12, 73–85. doi:10.1016/0167-5877(92)90070-V.
Mulumba, M., Speybroeck, N., Billiouw, M., Berkvens, D. L., Geysen, D. M., and Brandt, J. R. A. (2000). Transmission of Theileriosis in the Traditional Farming Sector in the Southern Province of Zambia during 1995-1996. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 32, 303–314. Available at: http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/466/art%253A10.1023%252FA%253A1005217123793.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1005217123793&token2=exp=1492005099~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F466%2Fart%25253A10.1023%25252FA%25253A1005 [Accessed April 12, 2017].
Muma, J. B., Munyeme, M., Samui, K. L., Siamudaala, V., Oloya, J., Mwacalimba, K., et al. (2009). Mortality and commercial off-take rates in adult traditional cattle of Zambia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 41, 783–789. doi:10.1007/s11250-008-9252-0.
Mumba, C., Häsler, B., Muma, J. B., Munyeme, M., Sitali, D. C., Skjerve, E., et al. (2018). Practices of traditional beef farmers in their production and marketing of cattle in Zambia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. doi:10.1007/s11250-017-1399-0.
Mumba, C., Skjerve, E., Rich, M., and Rich, K. M. (2017). Application of system dynamics and participatory spatial group model building in animal health: A case study of East Coast Fever interventions in Lundazi and Monze districts of Zambia. PLoS One 12, e0189878. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189878.
OLivares, J. C., and Wood, J. (2004). West Nile virus infection of horses. Vet. Res. 35, 467–483. doi:10.1051/vetres.
Otte, J., and Knips, V. (2005). Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative A Living from Livestock Research Report Livestock Development for Sub-Saharan Africa Why Focus Development Efforts on Sub-Saharan Africa ? Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/bp306e/bp306e.pdf [Accessed May 24, 2021].
Penne, K., D 'haese, L., and D 'haese, P. L. (1999). Theileriosis control modelling ( experiences from Southern Province, Zambia ). Trop. Med. Int. Heal. 4, 58–70. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00452.x.
Salih, O. A. M. (2015). Modeling the Burden of Disease for Cattle. Available at: https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10413/12491/Salih_Omran_Ahmed_Mohamed_2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [Accessed May 14, 2018].
Shaw, A. P. M., Rushton, J., Roth, F., and Torgerson, P. R. (2017). DALYs, dollars and dogs: How best to analyze the economics of controlling zoonoses. OIE Rev. Sci. Tech. 36, 147–161. doi:10.20506/rst.36.1.2618.
Sitali, D. C., Mumba, C., Skjerve, E., Mweemba, O., Kabonesa, C., Mwinyi, M. O., et al. (2017). Awareness and attitudes towards anthrax and meat consumption practices among affected communities in Zambia: A mixed-methods approach. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 11, e0005580. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005580.
Torgerson, P. R., Rüegg, S., Devleesschauwer, B., Abela-Ridder, B., Havelaar, A. H., Shaw, A. P. M., et al. (2018). zDALY: An adjusted indicator to estimate the burden of zoonotic diseases. One Heal. 5, 40–45. doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.11.003.
Published
2022-11-03
How to Cite
1.
Mwila N, Mumba C, Sichibalo K, Simulundu E, Changula K, Chitanga S. Modeling the non-monetary societal burden of Tick-borne diseases for cattle: A case study of East Coast Fever in the traditional cattle-keeping households of Namwala District of Zambia. Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences [Internet]. 3Nov.2022 [cited 21Nov.2024];6(2). Available from: https://alumni.unza.zm/index.php/JABS/article/view/877
Section
Veterinary Medicine
Copyright: ©️ JABS. Articles in this journal are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.